Algebra Lessons
Expressions, equations, exponents, polynomials, and functions.
This algebra course runs in the order a student usually meets the topics: the arithmetic and notation every later lesson relies on, then solving equations and inequalities, then graphs and functions, and finally the families of functions that algebra 2 and precalculus build on — polynomials, exponentials and logarithms, systems of equations, and sequences and series.
Each lesson explains one idea in plain language, works through examples step by step, and points out the mistakes that cost marks most often. Most lessons end with a link to a matching set of practice problems with full worked solutions, so you can check your understanding straight away rather than rereading.
If you are revising rather than learning from scratch, use the course outline to jump to a chapter, or keep the algebra cheat sheet open as a one-page reference. If a later lesson feels hard, the cause is usually a gap in an earlier one: shaky fractions and exponents make rational and exponential equations much harder than they need to be, so the Preliminaries chapter is worth a quick look even if you have seen it before.
Need a quick reference instead?
Every rule and formula from these lessons, collected on one printable page.
Algebra course outline
8 chapters · 141 lessons · open a chapter to see every lesson
1 Preliminaries 21 lessons
- 1. Algebra Preliminaries
- 2. Integer Exponents
- 3. Negative Exponents
- 4. Exponent Rules
- 5. Rational Exponents
- 6. Radicals
- 7. Simplifying Radicals
- 8. Rationalizing Denominators
- 9. Polynomials
- 10. Adding Polynomials
- 11. Subtracting Polynomials
- 12. Multiplying Polynomials
- 13. Factoring Polynomials
- 14. Greatest Common Factor
- 15. Factoring by Grouping
- 16. Factoring Quadratics
- 17. Factoring Higher-Degree Polynomials
- 18. Rational Expressions
- 19. Simplifying Rational Expressions
- 20. Complex Numbers
- 21. Complex Number Arithmetic
2 Solving Equations and Inequalities 28 lessons
- 1. Solving Equations and Inequalities
- 2. Solutions and Solution Sets
- 3. Linear Equations
- 4. Applications of Linear Equations
- 5. Equations with More Than One Variable
- 6. Linear Equations with Fractions
- 7. Word Problems
- 8. Distance, Rate, and Time Problems
- 9. Work Problems
- 10. Mixture Problems
- 11. Direct Variation
- 12. Inverse Variation
- 13. Joint Variation
- 14. Solving for a Variable
- 15. Quadratic Equations
- 16. Completing the Square
- 17. The Quadratic Formula
- 18. Applications of Quadratic Equations
- 19. Equations Reducible to Quadratic Form
- 20. Equations with Radicals
- 21. Rational Equations
- 22. Linear Inequalities
- 23. Compound Inequalities
- 24. Interval Notation
- 25. Polynomial Inequalities
- 26. Rational Inequalities
- 27. Absolute Value Equations
- 28. Absolute Value Inequalities
3 Graphing and Functions 28 lessons
- 1. Cartesian Coordinate System
- 2. Ordered Pairs
- 3. Quadrants of the Coordinate Plane
- 4. x- and y-Intercepts
- 5. Graphing Equations
- 6. Slope
- 7. Lines
- 8. Point-Slope Form
- 9. Slope-Intercept Form
- 10. Standard Form of a Linear Equation
- 11. Graphing Linear Inequalities
- 12. Parallel Lines
- 13. Perpendicular Lines
- 14. Circles
- 15. Relations
- 16. Functions
- 17. Function Notation
- 18. Domain of a Function
- 19. Range of a Function
- 20. Graphing Functions
- 21. Increasing and Decreasing Intervals
- 22. Average Rate of Change
- 23. Difference Quotient
- 24. Piecewise Functions
- 25. Combining Functions
- 26. Function Composition
- 27. One-to-One Functions and the Horizontal Line Test
- 28. Inverse Functions
4 Common Graphs 17 lessons
- 1. Parent Functions
- 2. Parabolas
- 3. Vertex and Axis of Symmetry of a Parabola
- 4. Ellipses
- 5. Hyperbolas
- 6. Constant Functions
- 7. Square Root Functions
- 8. Absolute Value Functions
- 9. Cubic Functions
- 10. Rational Functions
- 11. Vertical Asymptotes
- 12. Horizontal Asymptotes
- 13. Function Transformations
- 14. Horizontal Shifts
- 15. Vertical Shifts
- 16. Reflections
- 17. Symmetry
5 Polynomial Functions 13 lessons
- 1. Polynomial Long Division
- 2. Synthetic Division
- 3. The Remainder and Factor Theorem
- 4. The Rational Root Theorem
- 5. Finding the Zeros of a Polynomial
- 6. End Behavior of Polynomial Functions
- 7. Graphing Polynomial Functions
- 8. Partial Fractions
- 9. Degree and Leading Coefficient of a Polynomial
- 10. Polynomial in Standard Form
- 11. Writing a Polynomial Function From Its Zeros
- 12. Complex Zeros of a Polynomial
- 13. Descartes' Rule of Signs
6 Exponential & Logarithmic Functions 15 lessons
- 1. Exponential Functions
- 2. Graphing Exponential Functions
- 3. Writing Exponential Functions
- 4. Exponential Growth and Decay
- 5. Logarithms
- 6. Common and Natural Logarithms
- 7. Logarithm Rules
- 8. Change of Base Formula
- 9. Graphing Logarithmic Functions
- 10. Exponential vs Logarithmic Functions
- 11. Solving Exponential Equations
- 12. Solving Logarithmic Equations
- 13. Continuous Compound Interest
- 14. Exponential vs Logistic Growth
- 15. Richter Scale and Earthquake Intensity
7 Systems of Equations 11 lessons
- 1. Systems of Linear Equations
- 2. Substitution Method
- 3. Elimination Method
- 4. Graphing Systems of Equations
- 5. Systems of Equations With Three Variables
- 6. Augmented Matrices
- 7. Cramer's Rule
- 8. Inverse of a Matrix
- 9. Nonlinear Systems of Equations
- 10. Systems of Linear Inequalities
- 11. Systems of Equations Word Problems
8 Sequences and Series 8 lessons
- 1. Arithmetic Sequences
- 2. Geometric Sequences
- 3. Arithmetic vs Geometric Sequences
- 4. Recursive Formulas
- 5. Sigma Notation
- 6. Arithmetic Series
- 7. Geometric Series
- 8. Binomial Theorem
1. Preliminaries
↑ Course outlineAlgebra Preliminaries: Every Lesson and Practice Set, in Order
All 20 lessons in the Algebra Preliminaries chapter — exponents, radicals, polynomials, factoring, rational expressions and complex numbers, in reading order.
Read lessonInteger Exponents
All five integer exponent rules — product, quotient, power, zero, and negative — in one table, with the reasoning behind each and ten practice problems.
Read lessonNegative Exponents
What a negative exponent actually means, why the result is never a negative number, and how to rewrite any expression using only positive exponents.
Read lessonExponent Rules
Every exponent rule for integer and rational exponents on one reference page, with a strategy for chaining several rules and four fully worked examples.
Read lessonRational Exponents
How fractional exponents connect to roots and radicals, with derivations, a properties table, worked examples, and ten practice problems.
Read lessonRadicals
Simplify, combine, multiply, and rationalize radicals, with a properties table, worked examples, and ten practice problems you can check yourself.
Read lessonSimplifying Radicals
Simplify any radical by extracting perfect-power factors and applying the product rule, including radicals with variables. Worked examples and practice.
Read lessonRationalizing Denominators
Clear a radical from a denominator: multiply by a matching root, use a conjugate for two-term denominators, and handle higher-index roots.
Read lessonPolynomials
A complete guide to polynomials — degree, adding, subtracting, multiplying, and the special product patterns — with worked examples and ten practice problems.
Read lessonAdding Polynomials
Add polynomials by identifying like terms and combining coefficients — horizontally, vertically, and with more than one variable. With practice problems.
Read lessonSubtracting Polynomials
Subtract polynomials by distributing the negative sign across every term, then combining like terms — horizontally, vertically, and with two variables.
Read lessonMultiplying Polynomials
Multiply polynomials four ways: monomial times polynomial, FOIL, the box method, and the special product patterns worth memorizing. With practice.
Read lessonFactoring Polynomials
Factoring polynomials with the GCF, difference of squares, perfect square trinomials, and the ac method, with worked examples and ten practice problems.
Read lessonGreatest Common Factor
Find the GCF of numbers, monomials, and polynomial terms, then factor it out completely — including a negative leading coefficient. With practice problems.
Read lessonFactoring by Grouping
Factor a four-term polynomial by grouping it into pairs — and use the same technique on trinomials with a leading coefficient other than 1.
Read lessonFactoring Quadratics
Every way to factor a quadratic trinomial: leading coefficient of 1, the ac method, difference of squares, perfect squares, and when it won't factor.
Read lessonFactoring Higher-Degree Polynomials
Factor degree-3 and higher polynomials completely: sum and difference of cubes, grouping, and quadratic-in-form quartics, with worked examples and practice.
Read lessonRational Expressions
Simplify, multiply, divide, add, and subtract fractions built from polynomials, with worked examples and ten practice problems you can check yourself.
Read lessonSimplifying Rational Expressions
Reduce a rational expression to lowest terms: factor top and bottom, cancel shared factors, and keep track of the excluded values you'd otherwise lose.
Read lessonComplex Numbers
The imaginary unit, adding, multiplying, dividing, and powers of i, with a properties table, worked examples, and ten practice problems.
Read lessonComplex Number Arithmetic
Add, subtract, multiply, and divide complex numbers: combine parts separately, FOIL with i squared as −1, and divide using the conjugate.
Read lesson2. Solving Equations and Inequalities
↑ Course outlineSolving Equations and Inequalities: Every Lesson in Order
All 23 lessons on solving equations and inequalities — linear, quadratic, radical, rational and absolute value — in the order they build on each other.
Read lessonSolutions and Solution Sets
What it means for a value to satisfy an equation or inequality, how to check by substitution, and how to write a complete solution set.
Read lessonLinear Equations
Every technique for solving a one-variable linear equation — distributing, combining terms, clearing fractions and decimals — with practice.
Read lessonApplications of Linear Equations
A repeatable five-step process for turning a word problem into a linear equation, applied to numbers, geometry, motion, mixtures, and interest.
Read lessonEquations with More Than One Variable
How to solve a formula or literal equation for one specified variable, treating every other letter as a constant.
Read lessonLinear Equations with Fractions
Solve linear equations containing fractions by clearing every denominator with the LCD, with worked examples and ten practice problems.
Read lessonWord Problems
A five-step method for turning a sentence into an equation, applied to number, age, consecutive-integer, and part-of-a-whole problems.
Read lessonDistance, Rate, and Time Problems
Solve motion word problems with d = rt and a distance-rate-time chart: objects meeting, catch-up, round trips, and current or wind.
Read lessonWork Problems
Solve "working together" rate problems using the idea that individual work rates add, with worked examples and twelve practice problems.
Read lessonMixture Problems
Solve mixture word problems by balancing the pure amount of one ingredient before and after combining, with worked examples and practice.
Read lessonDirect Variation
What direct variation is, the equation y = kx, how to find the constant of variation, how to spot it in a table or graph, and word problems with answers.
Read lessonInverse Variation
What inverse variation is, the equation y = k/x, its graph, how to tell direct and inverse variation apart, and word problems including joint variation.
Read lessonJoint Variation
What joint variation means, the equation y = kxz, how to find the constant of variation, and joint and combined variation in word problems.
Read lessonSolving for a Variable
Rearrange any formula to isolate one variable, including a variable that appears twice or is trapped inside a power or a root.
Read lessonQuadratic Equations
The four methods for solving a quadratic equation, with a guide to choosing one, worked examples, and ten practice problems.
Read lessonCompleting the Square
Solve a quadratic by completing the square, including a leading coefficient other than 1, plus vertex form and the quadratic formula derivation.
Read lessonThe Quadratic Formula
Use the quadratic formula to solve any quadratic, read the discriminant to predict the solutions, and simplify radical answers.
Read lessonApplications of Quadratic Equations
Word problems that end in a quadratic — area, borders, projectile motion, consecutive-integer products, and revenue — with worked solutions.
Read lessonEquations Reducible to Quadratic Form
Solve equations that become quadratic after a substitution: quartics, fractional exponents, √x equations, and repeated expressions.
Read lessonEquations with Radicals
Solve equations with a variable under a root by isolating the radical and raising both sides to a power, with the extraneous-solution check.
Read lessonRational Equations
How to solve rational equations by clearing fractions with the LCD, checking for extraneous solutions, and handling equations that turn quadratic.
Read lessonLinear Inequalities
Solve one-variable linear inequalities using the same steps as equations, plus the rule that dividing by a negative flips the symbol.
Read lessonCompound Inequalities
Solve compound inequalities joined by "and" (intersection) or "or" (union), including the three-part form, in interval notation.
Read lessonInterval Notation
What interval notation is and how to write it: brackets vs. parentheses, unbounded intervals, unions, all real numbers, and converting to and from inequalities.
Read lessonPolynomial Inequalities
Solve polynomial inequalities with the sign-chart method: move to one side, factor, find critical values, and test each interval.
Read lessonRational Inequalities
Solve rational inequalities with the sign-chart method, combining into one fraction and always excluding the denominator zeros.
Read lessonAbsolute Value Equations
Solve absolute value equations by isolating the absolute value and splitting into two cases, plus the zero and no-solution cases.
Read lessonAbsolute Value Inequalities
Solve absolute value inequalities by rewriting them as compound inequalities: |X| < a as an interval, |X| > a as two pieces.
Read lesson3. Graphing and Functions
↑ Course outlineCartesian Coordinate System: Axes, Quadrants, and Plotting Points
How the coordinate plane works — axes, origin, ordered pairs, the four quadrants, plotting and reading points, plus the distance and midpoint formulas.
Read lessonOrdered Pairs: Notation, Plotting, and Reading Coordinates
What an ordered pair is, why (3, 5) and (5, 3) are different points, how to plot and read coordinates, and how to test a pair against an equation.
Read lessonQuadrants of the Coordinate Plane: Signs, Numbering, and Axis Points
The four quadrants of the coordinate plane, the sign pattern of each, why the numbering runs anticlockwise, and why points on an axis are in no quadrant.
Read lessonx- and y-Intercepts: Finding Where a Graph Crosses the Axes
How to find the x intercept by setting y = 0 and the y intercept by setting x = 0, read both off a graph, and use them to sketch a line or parabola quickly.
Read lessonGraphing Equations: Turning an Equation Into a Picture
How to graph any equation from a table of ordered pairs: why the graph is every solution, how many points you need, and how to pick sensible x-values.
Read lessonSlope: Rise Over Run, and What the Number Tells You
The slope formula, what positive, negative, zero and undefined slope look like, why the points work in either order, and how slope shows a rate of change.
Read lessonLines: Slope-Intercept, Point-Slope, and Standard Form
The three forms of a line — slope-intercept, point-slope and standard: when to use each, how to convert between them, and the parallel and perpendicular rules.
Read lessonPoint-Slope Form: Building a Line From a Slope and a Point
What point-slope form is, where it comes from, and how to use it to write a line's equation from a slope and one point, or from two points.
Read lessonSlope-Intercept Form: Reading and Graphing y = mx + b
How to read slope and intercept from y = mx + b, graph a line without a table, rearrange any equation into this form, and read m and b in real problems.
Read lessonStandard Form of a Linear Equation: Ax + By = C
The conventions behind Ax + By = C, how to graph a line from its intercepts, converting to and from slope-intercept form, and why vertical lines need this form.
Read lessonGraphing Linear Inequalities
How to graph a linear inequality in two variables: draw the boundary solid or dashed, test a point and shade the correct side, with worked examples.
Read lessonParallel Lines: Equal Slopes and How to Write One
Why parallel lines have equal slopes, how to test two equations, how to write a parallel line through a point, and the distance between two parallel lines.
Read lessonPerpendicular Lines: The Negative Reciprocal Rule
Why perpendicular slopes multiply to −1, how to find a negative reciprocal, writing a perpendicular line through a point, and perpendicular bisectors.
Read lessonCircles: Centre, Radius, and the Equation of a Circle
The standard equation of a circle, where it comes from, reading centre and radius off it, and completing the square to convert from general form.
Read lessonRelations: Ordered Pairs, Domain, and Range
What a relation is, the four ways to write one, how to find its domain and range, and how to form the inverse by swapping every pair.
Read lessonFunctions: The One-Output Rule and the Vertical Line Test
What makes a relation a function, why repeated outputs are fine but repeated inputs are not, and how to apply the vertical line test to any graph.
Read lessonFunction Notation: Reading and Using f(x)
What f(x) actually means, how to evaluate a function at a number or an expression, reading values off a graph, and why f(x+1) differs from f(x)+1.
Read lessonDomain of a Function: Which Inputs Are Allowed
How to find the domain of a function: the three things that restrict it, reading the domain off a graph, and writing the answer in interval notation.
Read lessonRange of a Function: Which Outputs Are Possible
How to find the range of a function from a graph or a formula, the ranges of the standard shapes, and why range is harder to pin down than domain.
Read lessonGraphing Functions: From a Rule to a Picture
How to graph any function from a table of values, the standard shapes worth recognising, the key features to mark, and how to graph a piecewise rule.
Read lessonIncreasing and Decreasing Intervals
How to find increasing and decreasing intervals of a function from a graph, a table or an equation, and how to write them in interval notation.
Read lessonAverage Rate of Change
How to find the average rate of change of a function over an interval, from a formula, a table or a graph, with the formula, units and worked examples.
Read lessonDifference Quotient
The difference quotient formula, what it means as the slope of a secant line, and how to find and simplify it step by step, with worked examples.
Read lessonPiecewise Functions: Different Rules on Different Intervals
What a piecewise function is and how to graph one piece by piece: reading the notation, evaluating it, why open dots matter, and finding domain and range.
Read lessonCombining Functions: Adding, Subtracting, Multiplying, Dividing
How to add, subtract, multiply and divide functions, what the notation means, and how to work out the domain of the combined function.
Read lessonFunction Composition: Feeding One Function Into Another
How to evaluate and build f(g(x)), why the inner function runs first, why order matters, and how to find the domain of a composition.
Read lessonOne-to-One Functions and the Horizontal Line Test
What makes a function one-to-one, how to apply the horizontal line test, how to prove it algebraically, and why it decides whether an inverse exists.
Read lessonInverse Functions: Undoing What a Function Does
How to find the inverse of a function by swapping and solving, check it by composition, graph it as a mirror in y = x, and which functions have an inverse.
Read lesson4. Common Graphs
↑ Course outlineParent Functions
The ten parent functions every algebra student should know, with graphs, domains, ranges and key points, and how to spot the parent of any equation.
Read lessonParabolas: How to Graph a Quadratic Function
What makes a graph a parabola, how the coefficient a sets its direction and width, and a five-point method to sketch one from standard or vertex form.
Read lessonVertex and Axis of Symmetry of a Parabola
Three reliable ways to find the vertex of a quadratic, where x = −b/2a comes from, and how the vertex answers maximum and minimum questions.
Read lessonEllipses: Standard Equation, Centre, and Axes
The standard equation of an ellipse, how to tell which axis is the major one, finding the centre, vertices and foci, and a four-point sketching method.
Read lessonHyperbolas: Standard Equation, Vertices, and Asymptotes
The standard equation of a hyperbola, how the positive term decides which way it opens, and the central-rectangle method for finding its asymptotes.
Read lessonConstant Functions: y = k and Horizontal Lines
What a constant function is, why its graph is a horizontal line with slope zero, its domain and range, and why y = k is a function while x = k is not.
Read lessonSquare Root Functions: Graph, Domain, and Transformations
Why the square root graph starts at a point and goes one way, how to find its domain and range, and the transformations that move and flip it.
Read lessonAbsolute Value Functions: The V-Shaped Graph
Why the absolute value graph is a V, how to find its vertex from the equation, what the coefficient does to the arms, and its piecewise definition.
Read lessonCubic Functions: Shape, End Behaviour, and Roots
What a cubic function graph looks like, why its ends go opposite ways, why it must cross the x-axis at least once, and how to sketch one from factored form.
Read lessonRational Functions: Asymptotes, Holes, and Graphing
How to find the domain, vertical and horizontal asymptotes, holes and intercepts of a rational function, and put them together into an accurate sketch.
Read lessonVertical Asymptotes: How to Find Them and What They Mean
A four-step method for finding vertical asymptotes, how to tell one from a hole, and how the power of the factor decides whether both sides go the same way.
Read lessonHorizontal Asymptotes: The Three Degree Rules
The three degree rules for horizontal asymptotes, why a graph is allowed to cross one, when you get a slant asymptote instead, and the non-rational cases.
Read lessonFunction Transformations: Shifts, Stretches, and Reflections
How to read every transformation off the form a·f(x − h) + k, why inside the bracket acts horizontally, and the order the moves must be applied in.
Read lessonHorizontal Shifts: Why Minus Moves a Graph Right
Why f(x − h) moves a graph right instead of left, three ways to convince yourself, and what a horizontal shift does to the domain, intercepts and asymptotes.
Read lessonVertical Shifts: Moving a Graph Up and Down
How f(x) + k moves a graph up or down, and what a vertical shift does to the range, the intercepts and any horizontal asymptote.
Read lessonReflections: Flipping a Graph Across an Axis
The difference between −f(x) and f(−x), what each does to a point, why one flips the range and the other flips the domain, and what happens when you apply both.
Read lessonSymmetry: Even Functions, Odd Functions, and the Algebraic Test
How to tell if a function is even or odd by substituting −x, what each symmetry looks like on a graph, and why x-axis symmetry is impossible for a function.
Read lesson5. Polynomial Functions
↑ Course outlinePolynomial Long Division
How to do polynomial long division step by step: the divide-multiply-subtract-bring-down cycle, placeholder terms for missing powers, and reading the remainder.
Read lessonSynthetic Division
Synthetic division step by step: the multiply-and-add shortcut for dividing by x − c, when you can use it, and how to read the quotient and remainder.
Read lessonThe Remainder and Factor Theorem
What the remainder and factor theorems say, why the remainder equals P(a), and how to test factors and find zeros without long division.
Read lessonThe Rational Root Theorem
How the rational root theorem gives a short list of possible roots: factors of the constant over factors of the leading coefficient, then test each.
Read lessonFinding the Zeros of a Polynomial
How to find the zeros of a polynomial: how many to expect, the candidate-test-divide method, and what multiplicity does to the graph at each zero.
Read lessonEnd Behavior of Polynomial Functions
How to describe the end behavior of a polynomial from its degree and leading coefficient, with the four cases and limit notation.
Read lessonGraphing Polynomial Functions
How to graph polynomials in five steps: end behavior, zeros and multiplicity, the y-intercept, and turning points as a final check.
Read lessonPartial Fractions
The partial fraction decomposition rules: check the degree, factor the denominator, write one term per factor, then solve for the constants.
Read lessonDegree and Leading Coefficient of a Polynomial
How to find the degree, leading term, leading coefficient and constant term of a polynomial, including ones written out of order or in factored form.
Read lessonPolynomial in Standard Form: How to Write One
What standard form of a polynomial is and how to write any polynomial in it: order terms from highest degree to lowest, expanding or simplifying first.
Read lessonWriting a Polynomial Function From Its Zeros
How to write a polynomial with given zeros: turn each zero into a factor, multiply, and fix the leading coefficient, including repeated and complex zeros.
Read lessonComplex Zeros of a Polynomial: Conjugate Pairs and Linear Factorization
What complex zeros of a polynomial are, why they come in conjugate pairs, how many a polynomial has, and how to find them step by step.
Read lessonDescartes' Rule of Signs
How Descartes' rule of signs counts the possible positive and negative real zeros of a polynomial from sign changes in P(x) and P(−x), with examples.
Read lesson6. Exponential & Logarithmic Functions
↑ Course outlineExponential Functions
What an exponential function is, the parts of f(x) = a·bˣ, how to spot one, how to evaluate it, and exponential function examples next to linear ones.
Read lessonGraphing Exponential Functions
How to graph exponential functions: the key features of y = bˣ, its domain, range and asymptote, and how shifts, stretches and reflections move the graph.
Read lessonWriting Exponential Functions
How to find the equation of an exponential function y = a·bˣ from two points, a table or a graph — including how to find b when neither point is on the y-axis.
Read lessonExponential Growth and Decay
Exponential growth vs decay explained: the growth and decay formulas, growth factors, half-life, compound interest, and word problems with worked answers.
Read lessonLogarithms
What a logarithm is, how to read log notation, how to convert a logarithm to exponential form and back, and how to evaluate logs by hand.
Read lessonCommon and Natural Logarithms
What log (base 10) and ln (base e) mean, the natural log rules with e, how to get rid of a natural log, and how to convert between log and ln.
Read lessonLogarithm Rules
Log rules explained: the product, quotient and power rules, the inverse and one-to-one properties, and how to expand and condense logarithms.
Read lessonChange of Base Formula
The change of base formula for logarithms: how to change the base of a log, why the formula works, and how to evaluate any log with the log or ln key.
Read lessonGraphing Logarithmic Functions
How to graph logarithmic functions and the natural log graph: key features, domain, vertical asymptote, transformations, and writing the equation of a graph.
Read lessonExponential vs Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic vs exponential functions compared: how they differ in form, graph, domain, range and growth, how they undo each other, and when to use each one.
Read lessonSolving Exponential Equations
How to solve exponential equations: matching bases, taking the log of both sides, equations with different bases, quadratic-type equations, and worked examples.
Read lessonSolving Logarithmic Equations
How to solve log equations: convert to exponential form, use the one-to-one property, condense several logs, solve ln equations, and reject extraneous roots.
Read lessonContinuous Compound Interest
Learn the continuous compound interest formula A = Pe^rt, where e comes from, how it compares with simple and compound interest, with worked examples.
Read lessonExponential vs Logistic Growth
Exponential vs logistic growth compared: J-curve vs S-curve, carrying capacity, the three phases, the formulas, and worked examples with answers.
Read lessonRichter Scale and Earthquake Intensity
How the Richter scale uses logarithms to measure earthquakes, why each step is 10 times the shaking, plus Richter scale word problems with answers.
Read lesson7. Systems of Equations
↑ Course outlineSystems of Linear Equations
What a system of linear equations is, how to check a solution, the three possible outcomes, and how to tell which one you have, with examples.
Read lessonSubstitution Method
Solve systems of equations by substitution in five steps, with worked examples, the no-solution and infinitely-many cases, and practice with answers.
Read lessonElimination Method
Solve systems of equations by elimination: add, subtract or multiply to cancel a variable. Steps, worked examples, and substitution vs elimination.
Read lessonGraphing Systems of Equations
How to solve a system of equations by graphing: draw both lines, find where they cross, check the point. Examples, estimating, and matching graphs.
Read lessonSystems of Equations With Three Variables
How to solve a system of equations with 3 variables by elimination: steps, worked examples, what the planes look like, and practice with answers.
Read lessonAugmented Matrices
Write a system of equations as an augmented matrix, use row operations, and solve with Gaussian and Gauss-Jordan elimination. Examples and practice.
Read lessonCramer's Rule
How Cramer's rule solves linear systems with determinants, for 2×2 and 3×3 systems, with worked examples and what a zero determinant means.
Read lessonInverse of a Matrix
How to find the inverse of a 2×2 matrix with the swap-negate-divide shortcut, a 3×3 inverse by row reduction, and how to solve systems with an inverse.
Read lessonNonlinear Systems of Equations
How many solutions a nonlinear system can have and how to solve it by substitution or elimination: lines with parabolas, circles, and more. Examples.
Read lessonSystems of Linear Inequalities
How to graph and solve a system of inequalities: solid vs dashed lines, which side to shade, finding the overlap, testing points, and reading graphs.
Read lessonSystems of Equations Word Problems
How to set up and solve systems of equations word problems: sales, coins, investments, mixtures, wind and current, break-even and geometry, with answers.
Read lesson8. Sequences and Series
↑ Course outlineArithmetic Sequences
What an arithmetic sequence is, the explicit formula aₙ = a₁ + (n − 1)d, the recursive formula, how to find any term, and examples with answers.
Read lessonGeometric Sequences
What a geometric sequence is, the formula aₙ = a₁ · rⁿ⁻¹, the recursive formula, how to find the common ratio and any term, with examples and answers.
Read lessonArithmetic vs Geometric Sequences
The difference between arithmetic and geometric sequences: adding vs multiplying, how to tell them apart, their formulas, graphs and real-world examples.
Read lessonRecursive Formulas
What a recursive formula is, how to write one for arithmetic, geometric and other sequences, and how to convert between recursive and explicit formulas.
Read lessonSigma Notation
How sigma notation works: the index, limits and term, how to expand and evaluate a sum, write a series in sigma notation, and the key summation formulas.
Read lessonArithmetic Series
The arithmetic series formula Sₙ = n(a₁ + aₙ)/2, where it comes from, how to find the sum of any arithmetic sequence, and word problems with answers.
Read lessonGeometric Series
Geometric series formulas for finite and infinite sums, when an infinite series converges, and examples from repeating decimals to bouncing balls.
Read lessonBinomial Theorem
The binomial theorem formula, how Pascal's triangle gives the coefficients, how to expand (a + b)ⁿ step by step, and how to find any single term.
Read lesson