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Algebra Lessons

Expressions, equations, exponents, polynomials, and functions.

This algebra course runs in the order a student usually meets the topics: the arithmetic and notation every later lesson relies on, then solving equations and inequalities, then graphs and functions, and finally the families of functions that algebra 2 and precalculus build on — polynomials, exponentials and logarithms, systems of equations, and sequences and series.

Each lesson explains one idea in plain language, works through examples step by step, and points out the mistakes that cost marks most often. Most lessons end with a link to a matching set of practice problems with full worked solutions, so you can check your understanding straight away rather than rereading.

If you are revising rather than learning from scratch, use the course outline to jump to a chapter, or keep the algebra cheat sheet open as a one-page reference. If a later lesson feels hard, the cause is usually a gap in an earlier one: shaky fractions and exponents make rational and exponential equations much harder than they need to be, so the Preliminaries chapter is worth a quick look even if you have seen it before.

Need a quick reference instead?

Every rule and formula from these lessons, collected on one printable page.

Download Algebra Cheat Sheet

Algebra course outline

8 chapters · 141 lessons · open a chapter to see every lesson

1 Preliminaries 21 lessons
  1. 1. Algebra Preliminaries
  2. 2. Integer Exponents
  3. 3. Negative Exponents
  4. 4. Exponent Rules
  5. 5. Rational Exponents
  6. 6. Radicals
  7. 7. Simplifying Radicals
  8. 8. Rationalizing Denominators
  9. 9. Polynomials
  10. 10. Adding Polynomials
  11. 11. Subtracting Polynomials
  12. 12. Multiplying Polynomials
  13. 13. Factoring Polynomials
  14. 14. Greatest Common Factor
  15. 15. Factoring by Grouping
  16. 16. Factoring Quadratics
  17. 17. Factoring Higher-Degree Polynomials
  18. 18. Rational Expressions
  19. 19. Simplifying Rational Expressions
  20. 20. Complex Numbers
  21. 21. Complex Number Arithmetic
Show chapter 1 below ↓
2 Solving Equations and Inequalities 28 lessons
  1. 1. Solving Equations and Inequalities
  2. 2. Solutions and Solution Sets
  3. 3. Linear Equations
  4. 4. Applications of Linear Equations
  5. 5. Equations with More Than One Variable
  6. 6. Linear Equations with Fractions
  7. 7. Word Problems
  8. 8. Distance, Rate, and Time Problems
  9. 9. Work Problems
  10. 10. Mixture Problems
  11. 11. Direct Variation
  12. 12. Inverse Variation
  13. 13. Joint Variation
  14. 14. Solving for a Variable
  15. 15. Quadratic Equations
  16. 16. Completing the Square
  17. 17. The Quadratic Formula
  18. 18. Applications of Quadratic Equations
  19. 19. Equations Reducible to Quadratic Form
  20. 20. Equations with Radicals
  21. 21. Rational Equations
  22. 22. Linear Inequalities
  23. 23. Compound Inequalities
  24. 24. Interval Notation
  25. 25. Polynomial Inequalities
  26. 26. Rational Inequalities
  27. 27. Absolute Value Equations
  28. 28. Absolute Value Inequalities
Show chapter 2 below ↓
3 Graphing and Functions 28 lessons
  1. 1. Cartesian Coordinate System
  2. 2. Ordered Pairs
  3. 3. Quadrants of the Coordinate Plane
  4. 4. x- and y-Intercepts
  5. 5. Graphing Equations
  6. 6. Slope
  7. 7. Lines
  8. 8. Point-Slope Form
  9. 9. Slope-Intercept Form
  10. 10. Standard Form of a Linear Equation
  11. 11. Graphing Linear Inequalities
  12. 12. Parallel Lines
  13. 13. Perpendicular Lines
  14. 14. Circles
  15. 15. Relations
  16. 16. Functions
  17. 17. Function Notation
  18. 18. Domain of a Function
  19. 19. Range of a Function
  20. 20. Graphing Functions
  21. 21. Increasing and Decreasing Intervals
  22. 22. Average Rate of Change
  23. 23. Difference Quotient
  24. 24. Piecewise Functions
  25. 25. Combining Functions
  26. 26. Function Composition
  27. 27. One-to-One Functions and the Horizontal Line Test
  28. 28. Inverse Functions
Show chapter 3 below ↓
4 Common Graphs 17 lessons
  1. 1. Parent Functions
  2. 2. Parabolas
  3. 3. Vertex and Axis of Symmetry of a Parabola
  4. 4. Ellipses
  5. 5. Hyperbolas
  6. 6. Constant Functions
  7. 7. Square Root Functions
  8. 8. Absolute Value Functions
  9. 9. Cubic Functions
  10. 10. Rational Functions
  11. 11. Vertical Asymptotes
  12. 12. Horizontal Asymptotes
  13. 13. Function Transformations
  14. 14. Horizontal Shifts
  15. 15. Vertical Shifts
  16. 16. Reflections
  17. 17. Symmetry
Show chapter 4 below ↓
5 Polynomial Functions 13 lessons
  1. 1. Polynomial Long Division
  2. 2. Synthetic Division
  3. 3. The Remainder and Factor Theorem
  4. 4. The Rational Root Theorem
  5. 5. Finding the Zeros of a Polynomial
  6. 6. End Behavior of Polynomial Functions
  7. 7. Graphing Polynomial Functions
  8. 8. Partial Fractions
  9. 9. Degree and Leading Coefficient of a Polynomial
  10. 10. Polynomial in Standard Form
  11. 11. Writing a Polynomial Function From Its Zeros
  12. 12. Complex Zeros of a Polynomial
  13. 13. Descartes' Rule of Signs
Show chapter 5 below ↓
6 Exponential & Logarithmic Functions 15 lessons
  1. 1. Exponential Functions
  2. 2. Graphing Exponential Functions
  3. 3. Writing Exponential Functions
  4. 4. Exponential Growth and Decay
  5. 5. Logarithms
  6. 6. Common and Natural Logarithms
  7. 7. Logarithm Rules
  8. 8. Change of Base Formula
  9. 9. Graphing Logarithmic Functions
  10. 10. Exponential vs Logarithmic Functions
  11. 11. Solving Exponential Equations
  12. 12. Solving Logarithmic Equations
  13. 13. Continuous Compound Interest
  14. 14. Exponential vs Logistic Growth
  15. 15. Richter Scale and Earthquake Intensity
Show chapter 6 below ↓
7 Systems of Equations 11 lessons
  1. 1. Systems of Linear Equations
  2. 2. Substitution Method
  3. 3. Elimination Method
  4. 4. Graphing Systems of Equations
  5. 5. Systems of Equations With Three Variables
  6. 6. Augmented Matrices
  7. 7. Cramer's Rule
  8. 8. Inverse of a Matrix
  9. 9. Nonlinear Systems of Equations
  10. 10. Systems of Linear Inequalities
  11. 11. Systems of Equations Word Problems
Show chapter 7 below ↓
8 Sequences and Series 8 lessons
  1. 1. Arithmetic Sequences
  2. 2. Geometric Sequences
  3. 3. Arithmetic vs Geometric Sequences
  4. 4. Recursive Formulas
  5. 5. Sigma Notation
  6. 6. Arithmetic Series
  7. 7. Geometric Series
  8. 8. Binomial Theorem
Show chapter 8 below ↓

1. Preliminaries

↑ Course outline

Algebra Preliminaries: Every Lesson and Practice Set, in Order

All 20 lessons in the Algebra Preliminaries chapter — exponents, radicals, polynomials, factoring, rational expressions and complex numbers, in reading order.

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Integer Exponents

All five integer exponent rules — product, quotient, power, zero, and negative — in one table, with the reasoning behind each and ten practice problems.

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Negative Exponents

What a negative exponent actually means, why the result is never a negative number, and how to rewrite any expression using only positive exponents.

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Exponent Rules

Every exponent rule for integer and rational exponents on one reference page, with a strategy for chaining several rules and four fully worked examples.

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Rational Exponents

How fractional exponents connect to roots and radicals, with derivations, a properties table, worked examples, and ten practice problems.

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Radicals

Simplify, combine, multiply, and rationalize radicals, with a properties table, worked examples, and ten practice problems you can check yourself.

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Simplifying Radicals

Simplify any radical by extracting perfect-power factors and applying the product rule, including radicals with variables. Worked examples and practice.

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Rationalizing Denominators

Clear a radical from a denominator: multiply by a matching root, use a conjugate for two-term denominators, and handle higher-index roots.

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Polynomials

A complete guide to polynomials — degree, adding, subtracting, multiplying, and the special product patterns — with worked examples and ten practice problems.

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Adding Polynomials

Add polynomials by identifying like terms and combining coefficients — horizontally, vertically, and with more than one variable. With practice problems.

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Subtracting Polynomials

Subtract polynomials by distributing the negative sign across every term, then combining like terms — horizontally, vertically, and with two variables.

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Multiplying Polynomials

Multiply polynomials four ways: monomial times polynomial, FOIL, the box method, and the special product patterns worth memorizing. With practice.

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Factoring Polynomials

Factoring polynomials with the GCF, difference of squares, perfect square trinomials, and the ac method, with worked examples and ten practice problems.

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Greatest Common Factor

Find the GCF of numbers, monomials, and polynomial terms, then factor it out completely — including a negative leading coefficient. With practice problems.

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Factoring by Grouping

Factor a four-term polynomial by grouping it into pairs — and use the same technique on trinomials with a leading coefficient other than 1.

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Factoring Quadratics

Every way to factor a quadratic trinomial: leading coefficient of 1, the ac method, difference of squares, perfect squares, and when it won't factor.

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Factoring Higher-Degree Polynomials

Factor degree-3 and higher polynomials completely: sum and difference of cubes, grouping, and quadratic-in-form quartics, with worked examples and practice.

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Rational Expressions

Simplify, multiply, divide, add, and subtract fractions built from polynomials, with worked examples and ten practice problems you can check yourself.

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Simplifying Rational Expressions

Reduce a rational expression to lowest terms: factor top and bottom, cancel shared factors, and keep track of the excluded values you'd otherwise lose.

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Complex Numbers

The imaginary unit, adding, multiplying, dividing, and powers of i, with a properties table, worked examples, and ten practice problems.

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Complex Number Arithmetic

Add, subtract, multiply, and divide complex numbers: combine parts separately, FOIL with i squared as −1, and divide using the conjugate.

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2. Solving Equations and Inequalities

↑ Course outline

Solving Equations and Inequalities: Every Lesson in Order

All 23 lessons on solving equations and inequalities — linear, quadratic, radical, rational and absolute value — in the order they build on each other.

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Solutions and Solution Sets

What it means for a value to satisfy an equation or inequality, how to check by substitution, and how to write a complete solution set.

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Linear Equations

Every technique for solving a one-variable linear equation — distributing, combining terms, clearing fractions and decimals — with practice.

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Applications of Linear Equations

A repeatable five-step process for turning a word problem into a linear equation, applied to numbers, geometry, motion, mixtures, and interest.

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Equations with More Than One Variable

How to solve a formula or literal equation for one specified variable, treating every other letter as a constant.

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Linear Equations with Fractions

Solve linear equations containing fractions by clearing every denominator with the LCD, with worked examples and ten practice problems.

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Word Problems

A five-step method for turning a sentence into an equation, applied to number, age, consecutive-integer, and part-of-a-whole problems.

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Distance, Rate, and Time Problems

Solve motion word problems with d = rt and a distance-rate-time chart: objects meeting, catch-up, round trips, and current or wind.

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Work Problems

Solve "working together" rate problems using the idea that individual work rates add, with worked examples and twelve practice problems.

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Mixture Problems

Solve mixture word problems by balancing the pure amount of one ingredient before and after combining, with worked examples and practice.

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Direct Variation

What direct variation is, the equation y = kx, how to find the constant of variation, how to spot it in a table or graph, and word problems with answers.

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Inverse Variation

What inverse variation is, the equation y = k/x, its graph, how to tell direct and inverse variation apart, and word problems including joint variation.

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Joint Variation

What joint variation means, the equation y = kxz, how to find the constant of variation, and joint and combined variation in word problems.

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Solving for a Variable

Rearrange any formula to isolate one variable, including a variable that appears twice or is trapped inside a power or a root.

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Quadratic Equations

The four methods for solving a quadratic equation, with a guide to choosing one, worked examples, and ten practice problems.

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Completing the Square

Solve a quadratic by completing the square, including a leading coefficient other than 1, plus vertex form and the quadratic formula derivation.

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The Quadratic Formula

Use the quadratic formula to solve any quadratic, read the discriminant to predict the solutions, and simplify radical answers.

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Applications of Quadratic Equations

Word problems that end in a quadratic — area, borders, projectile motion, consecutive-integer products, and revenue — with worked solutions.

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Equations Reducible to Quadratic Form

Solve equations that become quadratic after a substitution: quartics, fractional exponents, √x equations, and repeated expressions.

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Equations with Radicals

Solve equations with a variable under a root by isolating the radical and raising both sides to a power, with the extraneous-solution check.

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Rational Equations

How to solve rational equations by clearing fractions with the LCD, checking for extraneous solutions, and handling equations that turn quadratic.

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Linear Inequalities

Solve one-variable linear inequalities using the same steps as equations, plus the rule that dividing by a negative flips the symbol.

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Compound Inequalities

Solve compound inequalities joined by "and" (intersection) or "or" (union), including the three-part form, in interval notation.

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Interval Notation

What interval notation is and how to write it: brackets vs. parentheses, unbounded intervals, unions, all real numbers, and converting to and from inequalities.

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Polynomial Inequalities

Solve polynomial inequalities with the sign-chart method: move to one side, factor, find critical values, and test each interval.

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Rational Inequalities

Solve rational inequalities with the sign-chart method, combining into one fraction and always excluding the denominator zeros.

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Absolute Value Equations

Solve absolute value equations by isolating the absolute value and splitting into two cases, plus the zero and no-solution cases.

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Absolute Value Inequalities

Solve absolute value inequalities by rewriting them as compound inequalities: |X| < a as an interval, |X| > a as two pieces.

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3. Graphing and Functions

↑ Course outline

Cartesian Coordinate System: Axes, Quadrants, and Plotting Points

How the coordinate plane works — axes, origin, ordered pairs, the four quadrants, plotting and reading points, plus the distance and midpoint formulas.

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Ordered Pairs: Notation, Plotting, and Reading Coordinates

What an ordered pair is, why (3, 5) and (5, 3) are different points, how to plot and read coordinates, and how to test a pair against an equation.

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Quadrants of the Coordinate Plane: Signs, Numbering, and Axis Points

The four quadrants of the coordinate plane, the sign pattern of each, why the numbering runs anticlockwise, and why points on an axis are in no quadrant.

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x- and y-Intercepts: Finding Where a Graph Crosses the Axes

How to find the x intercept by setting y = 0 and the y intercept by setting x = 0, read both off a graph, and use them to sketch a line or parabola quickly.

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Graphing Equations: Turning an Equation Into a Picture

How to graph any equation from a table of ordered pairs: why the graph is every solution, how many points you need, and how to pick sensible x-values.

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Slope: Rise Over Run, and What the Number Tells You

The slope formula, what positive, negative, zero and undefined slope look like, why the points work in either order, and how slope shows a rate of change.

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Lines: Slope-Intercept, Point-Slope, and Standard Form

The three forms of a line — slope-intercept, point-slope and standard: when to use each, how to convert between them, and the parallel and perpendicular rules.

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Point-Slope Form: Building a Line From a Slope and a Point

What point-slope form is, where it comes from, and how to use it to write a line's equation from a slope and one point, or from two points.

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Slope-Intercept Form: Reading and Graphing y = mx + b

How to read slope and intercept from y = mx + b, graph a line without a table, rearrange any equation into this form, and read m and b in real problems.

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Standard Form of a Linear Equation: Ax + By = C

The conventions behind Ax + By = C, how to graph a line from its intercepts, converting to and from slope-intercept form, and why vertical lines need this form.

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Graphing Linear Inequalities

How to graph a linear inequality in two variables: draw the boundary solid or dashed, test a point and shade the correct side, with worked examples.

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Parallel Lines: Equal Slopes and How to Write One

Why parallel lines have equal slopes, how to test two equations, how to write a parallel line through a point, and the distance between two parallel lines.

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Perpendicular Lines: The Negative Reciprocal Rule

Why perpendicular slopes multiply to −1, how to find a negative reciprocal, writing a perpendicular line through a point, and perpendicular bisectors.

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Circles: Centre, Radius, and the Equation of a Circle

The standard equation of a circle, where it comes from, reading centre and radius off it, and completing the square to convert from general form.

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Relations: Ordered Pairs, Domain, and Range

What a relation is, the four ways to write one, how to find its domain and range, and how to form the inverse by swapping every pair.

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Functions: The One-Output Rule and the Vertical Line Test

What makes a relation a function, why repeated outputs are fine but repeated inputs are not, and how to apply the vertical line test to any graph.

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Function Notation: Reading and Using f(x)

What f(x) actually means, how to evaluate a function at a number or an expression, reading values off a graph, and why f(x+1) differs from f(x)+1.

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Domain of a Function: Which Inputs Are Allowed

How to find the domain of a function: the three things that restrict it, reading the domain off a graph, and writing the answer in interval notation.

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Range of a Function: Which Outputs Are Possible

How to find the range of a function from a graph or a formula, the ranges of the standard shapes, and why range is harder to pin down than domain.

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Graphing Functions: From a Rule to a Picture

How to graph any function from a table of values, the standard shapes worth recognising, the key features to mark, and how to graph a piecewise rule.

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Increasing and Decreasing Intervals

How to find increasing and decreasing intervals of a function from a graph, a table or an equation, and how to write them in interval notation.

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Average Rate of Change

How to find the average rate of change of a function over an interval, from a formula, a table or a graph, with the formula, units and worked examples.

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Difference Quotient

The difference quotient formula, what it means as the slope of a secant line, and how to find and simplify it step by step, with worked examples.

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Piecewise Functions: Different Rules on Different Intervals

What a piecewise function is and how to graph one piece by piece: reading the notation, evaluating it, why open dots matter, and finding domain and range.

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Combining Functions: Adding, Subtracting, Multiplying, Dividing

How to add, subtract, multiply and divide functions, what the notation means, and how to work out the domain of the combined function.

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Function Composition: Feeding One Function Into Another

How to evaluate and build f(g(x)), why the inner function runs first, why order matters, and how to find the domain of a composition.

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One-to-One Functions and the Horizontal Line Test

What makes a function one-to-one, how to apply the horizontal line test, how to prove it algebraically, and why it decides whether an inverse exists.

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Inverse Functions: Undoing What a Function Does

How to find the inverse of a function by swapping and solving, check it by composition, graph it as a mirror in y = x, and which functions have an inverse.

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4. Common Graphs

↑ Course outline

Parent Functions

The ten parent functions every algebra student should know, with graphs, domains, ranges and key points, and how to spot the parent of any equation.

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Parabolas: How to Graph a Quadratic Function

What makes a graph a parabola, how the coefficient a sets its direction and width, and a five-point method to sketch one from standard or vertex form.

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Vertex and Axis of Symmetry of a Parabola

Three reliable ways to find the vertex of a quadratic, where x = −b/2a comes from, and how the vertex answers maximum and minimum questions.

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Ellipses: Standard Equation, Centre, and Axes

The standard equation of an ellipse, how to tell which axis is the major one, finding the centre, vertices and foci, and a four-point sketching method.

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Hyperbolas: Standard Equation, Vertices, and Asymptotes

The standard equation of a hyperbola, how the positive term decides which way it opens, and the central-rectangle method for finding its asymptotes.

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Constant Functions: y = k and Horizontal Lines

What a constant function is, why its graph is a horizontal line with slope zero, its domain and range, and why y = k is a function while x = k is not.

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Square Root Functions: Graph, Domain, and Transformations

Why the square root graph starts at a point and goes one way, how to find its domain and range, and the transformations that move and flip it.

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Absolute Value Functions: The V-Shaped Graph

Why the absolute value graph is a V, how to find its vertex from the equation, what the coefficient does to the arms, and its piecewise definition.

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Cubic Functions: Shape, End Behaviour, and Roots

What a cubic function graph looks like, why its ends go opposite ways, why it must cross the x-axis at least once, and how to sketch one from factored form.

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Rational Functions: Asymptotes, Holes, and Graphing

How to find the domain, vertical and horizontal asymptotes, holes and intercepts of a rational function, and put them together into an accurate sketch.

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Vertical Asymptotes: How to Find Them and What They Mean

A four-step method for finding vertical asymptotes, how to tell one from a hole, and how the power of the factor decides whether both sides go the same way.

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Horizontal Asymptotes: The Three Degree Rules

The three degree rules for horizontal asymptotes, why a graph is allowed to cross one, when you get a slant asymptote instead, and the non-rational cases.

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Function Transformations: Shifts, Stretches, and Reflections

How to read every transformation off the form a·f(x − h) + k, why inside the bracket acts horizontally, and the order the moves must be applied in.

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Horizontal Shifts: Why Minus Moves a Graph Right

Why f(x − h) moves a graph right instead of left, three ways to convince yourself, and what a horizontal shift does to the domain, intercepts and asymptotes.

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Vertical Shifts: Moving a Graph Up and Down

How f(x) + k moves a graph up or down, and what a vertical shift does to the range, the intercepts and any horizontal asymptote.

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Reflections: Flipping a Graph Across an Axis

The difference between −f(x) and f(−x), what each does to a point, why one flips the range and the other flips the domain, and what happens when you apply both.

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Symmetry: Even Functions, Odd Functions, and the Algebraic Test

How to tell if a function is even or odd by substituting −x, what each symmetry looks like on a graph, and why x-axis symmetry is impossible for a function.

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5. Polynomial Functions

↑ Course outline

Polynomial Long Division

How to do polynomial long division step by step: the divide-multiply-subtract-bring-down cycle, placeholder terms for missing powers, and reading the remainder.

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Synthetic Division

Synthetic division step by step: the multiply-and-add shortcut for dividing by x − c, when you can use it, and how to read the quotient and remainder.

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The Remainder and Factor Theorem

What the remainder and factor theorems say, why the remainder equals P(a), and how to test factors and find zeros without long division.

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The Rational Root Theorem

How the rational root theorem gives a short list of possible roots: factors of the constant over factors of the leading coefficient, then test each.

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Finding the Zeros of a Polynomial

How to find the zeros of a polynomial: how many to expect, the candidate-test-divide method, and what multiplicity does to the graph at each zero.

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End Behavior of Polynomial Functions

How to describe the end behavior of a polynomial from its degree and leading coefficient, with the four cases and limit notation.

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Graphing Polynomial Functions

How to graph polynomials in five steps: end behavior, zeros and multiplicity, the y-intercept, and turning points as a final check.

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Partial Fractions

The partial fraction decomposition rules: check the degree, factor the denominator, write one term per factor, then solve for the constants.

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Degree and Leading Coefficient of a Polynomial

How to find the degree, leading term, leading coefficient and constant term of a polynomial, including ones written out of order or in factored form.

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Polynomial in Standard Form: How to Write One

What standard form of a polynomial is and how to write any polynomial in it: order terms from highest degree to lowest, expanding or simplifying first.

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Writing a Polynomial Function From Its Zeros

How to write a polynomial with given zeros: turn each zero into a factor, multiply, and fix the leading coefficient, including repeated and complex zeros.

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Complex Zeros of a Polynomial: Conjugate Pairs and Linear Factorization

What complex zeros of a polynomial are, why they come in conjugate pairs, how many a polynomial has, and how to find them step by step.

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Descartes' Rule of Signs

How Descartes' rule of signs counts the possible positive and negative real zeros of a polynomial from sign changes in P(x) and P(−x), with examples.

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6. Exponential & Logarithmic Functions

↑ Course outline

Exponential Functions

What an exponential function is, the parts of f(x) = a·bˣ, how to spot one, how to evaluate it, and exponential function examples next to linear ones.

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Graphing Exponential Functions

How to graph exponential functions: the key features of y = bˣ, its domain, range and asymptote, and how shifts, stretches and reflections move the graph.

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Writing Exponential Functions

How to find the equation of an exponential function y = a·bˣ from two points, a table or a graph — including how to find b when neither point is on the y-axis.

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Exponential Growth and Decay

Exponential growth vs decay explained: the growth and decay formulas, growth factors, half-life, compound interest, and word problems with worked answers.

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Logarithms

What a logarithm is, how to read log notation, how to convert a logarithm to exponential form and back, and how to evaluate logs by hand.

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Common and Natural Logarithms

What log (base 10) and ln (base e) mean, the natural log rules with e, how to get rid of a natural log, and how to convert between log and ln.

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Logarithm Rules

Log rules explained: the product, quotient and power rules, the inverse and one-to-one properties, and how to expand and condense logarithms.

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Change of Base Formula

The change of base formula for logarithms: how to change the base of a log, why the formula works, and how to evaluate any log with the log or ln key.

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Graphing Logarithmic Functions

How to graph logarithmic functions and the natural log graph: key features, domain, vertical asymptote, transformations, and writing the equation of a graph.

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Exponential vs Logarithmic Functions

Logarithmic vs exponential functions compared: how they differ in form, graph, domain, range and growth, how they undo each other, and when to use each one.

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Solving Exponential Equations

How to solve exponential equations: matching bases, taking the log of both sides, equations with different bases, quadratic-type equations, and worked examples.

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Solving Logarithmic Equations

How to solve log equations: convert to exponential form, use the one-to-one property, condense several logs, solve ln equations, and reject extraneous roots.

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Continuous Compound Interest

Learn the continuous compound interest formula A = Pe^rt, where e comes from, how it compares with simple and compound interest, with worked examples.

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Exponential vs Logistic Growth

Exponential vs logistic growth compared: J-curve vs S-curve, carrying capacity, the three phases, the formulas, and worked examples with answers.

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Richter Scale and Earthquake Intensity

How the Richter scale uses logarithms to measure earthquakes, why each step is 10 times the shaking, plus Richter scale word problems with answers.

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7. Systems of Equations

↑ Course outline

Systems of Linear Equations

What a system of linear equations is, how to check a solution, the three possible outcomes, and how to tell which one you have, with examples.

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Substitution Method

Solve systems of equations by substitution in five steps, with worked examples, the no-solution and infinitely-many cases, and practice with answers.

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Elimination Method

Solve systems of equations by elimination: add, subtract or multiply to cancel a variable. Steps, worked examples, and substitution vs elimination.

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Graphing Systems of Equations

How to solve a system of equations by graphing: draw both lines, find where they cross, check the point. Examples, estimating, and matching graphs.

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Systems of Equations With Three Variables

How to solve a system of equations with 3 variables by elimination: steps, worked examples, what the planes look like, and practice with answers.

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Augmented Matrices

Write a system of equations as an augmented matrix, use row operations, and solve with Gaussian and Gauss-Jordan elimination. Examples and practice.

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Cramer's Rule

How Cramer's rule solves linear systems with determinants, for 2×2 and 3×3 systems, with worked examples and what a zero determinant means.

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Inverse of a Matrix

How to find the inverse of a 2×2 matrix with the swap-negate-divide shortcut, a 3×3 inverse by row reduction, and how to solve systems with an inverse.

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Nonlinear Systems of Equations

How many solutions a nonlinear system can have and how to solve it by substitution or elimination: lines with parabolas, circles, and more. Examples.

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Systems of Linear Inequalities

How to graph and solve a system of inequalities: solid vs dashed lines, which side to shade, finding the overlap, testing points, and reading graphs.

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Systems of Equations Word Problems

How to set up and solve systems of equations word problems: sales, coins, investments, mixtures, wind and current, break-even and geometry, with answers.

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8. Sequences and Series

↑ Course outline

Arithmetic Sequences

What an arithmetic sequence is, the explicit formula aₙ = a₁ + (n − 1)d, the recursive formula, how to find any term, and examples with answers.

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Geometric Sequences

What a geometric sequence is, the formula aₙ = a₁ · rⁿ⁻¹, the recursive formula, how to find the common ratio and any term, with examples and answers.

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Arithmetic vs Geometric Sequences

The difference between arithmetic and geometric sequences: adding vs multiplying, how to tell them apart, their formulas, graphs and real-world examples.

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Recursive Formulas

What a recursive formula is, how to write one for arithmetic, geometric and other sequences, and how to convert between recursive and explicit formulas.

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Sigma Notation

How sigma notation works: the index, limits and term, how to expand and evaluate a sum, write a series in sigma notation, and the key summation formulas.

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Arithmetic Series

The arithmetic series formula Sₙ = n(a₁ + aₙ)/2, where it comes from, how to find the sum of any arithmetic sequence, and word problems with answers.

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Geometric Series

Geometric series formulas for finite and infinite sums, when an infinite series converges, and examples from repeating decimals to bouncing balls.

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Binomial Theorem

The binomial theorem formula, how Pascal's triangle gives the coefficients, how to expand (a + b)ⁿ step by step, and how to find any single term.

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